definición y significado de Government | sensagent.com


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Definición y significado de Government

Definición

government (n.)

1.the act of governing; exercising authority"regulations for the governing of state prisons" "he had considerable experience of government"

2.(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed"tyrannical government"

3.the study of government of states and other political units

4.the act of administering medication

5.(politics)the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit"the government reduced taxes" "the matter was referred to higher authorities"

Government (n.)

1.(MeSH)The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.

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Merriam Webster

GovernmentGov"ern*ment (?), n. [F. gouvernement. See Govern.]
1. The act of governing; the exercise of authority; the administration of laws; control; direction; regulation; as, civil, church, or family government.

2. The mode of governing; the system of polity in a state; the established form of law.

That free government which we have so dearly purchased, free commonwealth. Milton.

3. The right or power of governing; authority.

I here resign my government to thee. Shak.

4. The person or persons authorized to administer the laws; the ruling power; the administration.

When we, in England, speak of the government, we generally understand the ministers of the crown for the time being. Mozley & W.

5. The body politic governed by one authority; a state; as, the governments of Europe.

6. Management of the limbs or body. Shak.

7. (Gram.) The influence of a word in regard to construction, requiring that another word should be in a particular case.

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Definición (más)

definición de Government (Wikipedia)

Sinónimos

government (adj.)

governmental

government (n.) (politics)

authorities, authority, influence, regime, administration  (spéc. anglais américain, politics), raj  (Inde, history, politics), reign  (politics), rule  (politics)

Ver también

Frases

Federal Government • Government Accounting Office • Government Agencies • Government Documents • Government Financing • Government Officials • Government Printing Office • Government Programs • Government Publications • Government Publications as Topic • Government Regulation • Government Regulation and Oversight • Government Sponsored Programs • Government, Local • Government, State • Government-Sponsored Programs • National Government • State Government • United States Government Accounting Office • United States Government Agencies • United States Government Printing Office • United States government • by the government • federal government • government activity • government agency • government agent • government bill • government body • government bond • government building • government by the people • government department • government gazette • government in exile • government income • government information • government information service • government issue • government loan • government majority • government man • government minister • government note • government office • government official • government officials • government paper • government party • government policy • government programme • government revenue • government securities • government security • government statement • government stock • government violence • government-in-exile • national government • self-government • state government

Administrator of the Government • Advocates for Self Government • Afghanistan/Government • Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government • Alberta Government Telephones • Ashmore and Cartier Islands/Government • Awards and decorations of the United States government • Barasat Peary Charan Sarkar Government High School • British Indian Ocean Territory/Government • Burnett County Government Center • Business-to-government • Cabinet (government) • Caretaker Government 1945 • Caretaker government • Central Government Health Scheme • ChangeUp (UK government project) • City government in the state of Washington • Coalition Government 1940–1945 • Coalition government • Commercial and Government Entity • Commission on Government Secrecy • Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy • Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting • Conservative Government 1951–1955 • Conservative Government 1957–1964 • Considerations on the Government of Poland • Council for Excellence in Government • Council–manager government • County government in Nebraska • Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina • Department of Environment and Local Government (New Brunswick) • Department of Public Works and Government Services (Canada) • Departments of the United Kingdom Government • Die for the Government • Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai • Dutch government in exile • E-Government • E-Government Act of 2002 • Estonian Government • Executive (government) • Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information • Federal government of the United States • Flemish government • Flensburg government • Form of government • Government Accountability Office • Government Buildings • Government Camp, Oregon • Government Category List • Government College Lahore • Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola • Government Communications Headquarters • Government House • Government House (Ontario) • Government House, Brisbane • Government House, Melbourne • Government Law College, Coimbatore • Government Law College, Thiruchirappalli • Government Law College, Tiruchirapalli • Government Law College, Tiruchirappalli • Government Museum • Government National Mortgage Association • Government Printing Office • Government Records Service • Government Telephone Preference Scheme • Government bond • Government cheese • Government fiat • Government in Birmingham • Government in Estonia • Government in exile • Government of Alabama • Government of Argentina • Government of Barbados • Government of Belarus • Government of Bouvet Island • Government of California • Government of Colombia • Government of Estonia • Government of Florida • Government of France • Government of Hong Kong • Government of Illinois • Government of India Act 1909 • Government of India Act 1919 • Government of India Act 1935 • Government of India Act of 1909 • Government of India Act of 1919 • Government of Ireland Act 1920 • Government of Japan • Government of Kazakhstan • Government of Kuwait • Government of Maharashtra • Government of Ontario • Government of Puerto Rico • Government of Sweden • Government of Venezuela • Government of ancient Israel • Government of the 29th Dáil • Government of the City of Greenville, South Carolina • Government of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Government of the Northern Territory • Government of the Republic of Estonia • Government rent • Government shutdown • Government warehouse (non-fiction) • Government-granted monopoly • Government-owned corporation • Head of government • Hong Kong Government Flying Service • Independent agencies of the United States government • Instrument of Government (1634) • Instrument of Government (1772) • Instrument of Government (1809) • Interim Iraqi Government • Jewish-controlled U.S. government • Kaunas government precinct • Kwun Tong Government Secondary School • Labour Government 1945–1951 • Labour Government 1964–1970 • Law and government of Missouri • Lean Government • Lebanese government of July 2005 • List of Government schools in New South Wales • List of Indian government initiatives focusing on economic development • List of Presidents of the Regional Government of Príncipe • List of government and military acronyms • List of heads of government of Liechtenstein • List of heads of government of Norway • List of heads of government of São Tomé and Príncipe • List of heads of government of Togo • List of heads of state and government by net worth • List of non-government schools in New South Wales • Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 • Local Government Areas of Australia • Local Government Areas of New South Wales • Local Government Areas of Queensland • Local Government Areas of South Australia • Local Government Areas of Tasmania • Local Government Areas of Victoria • Local Government Areas of Western Australia • Local Government Areas of the Northern Territory • Local government • Local government in Scotland • Local government in Wales • Local government in the Republic of Ireland • Local government of the United States • Maggie L. Walker Governor's School for Government and International Studies • Marionette government • Martin Scott (government) • Marxist-Leninist government • Ministers of the Burundian Government • Minority government • Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy • Moynihan Secrecy in Government Commission • National government • Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government • Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines • Office of the Parliamentary Counsel to Government • Orange County Government Center • Organisation of the Government of Singapore • Palestinian government • Peruvian Government • Provisional Government of National Unity • Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea • Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland • Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam • Puppet government • Responsible government • Scottish Government • Scottish Government Education Directorates • Seat of government • Self Government (New Zealand) • Shadow government • Sixth Form Government Secondary School • Sixth form government • Sri Lanka Tamil Government Party • Statutory boards of the Singapore Government • Student Government Association • Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League • The Dismissal of the Whitlam Government • The Government of Poland • The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government • The old Government House, Queensland • Third National Government 1935–1937 • Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education • Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet • Tsuen Wan Government Secondary School • Tuen Mun Government Secondary School • U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks • Ukrainian government • United States Army Military Government in Korea • United States Government Printing Office • Vilnius government precinct • Western Australian Government Railways • World government • World government in science fiction • YMCA Youth and Government • Zionist Occupation Government

Diccionario analógico


government (adj.)






government (n.)



Wikipedia

Government

                   

Government, refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized (Referred : More to govern than control).[1][2] Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".

States are served by a continuous succession of different governments.[3] Each successive government is composed of a body of individuals who control and exercise control over political decision-making. Their function is to make and enforce laws and arbitrate conflicts. In some societies, this group is often a self-perpetuating or hereditary class. In other societies, such as democracies, the political roles remain, but there is frequent turnover of the people actually filling the positions.[4]

The word government is derived from the Latin infinitive gubernare, meaning "to govern" or "to manage". In parliamentary systems, the word "government" is used to refer to what in presidential systems would be the executive branch and to the governing party. In parliamentary systems, the government is composed of the prime minister and the cabinet. In other cases, "government" refers to executive, legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and possibly also devolved powers.

Public disapproval of a particular government (expressed, for example, by not re-electing an incumbent) does not necessarily represent disapproval of the state itself (i.e. of the particular framework of government). In fact, leaders often attempt to deliberately blur the lines between the two, in order to conflate their interests with those of the polity.[5]

Contents

  Classifying governments

In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of political systems are not obvious.[6] It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations.

On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be easy, as all governments have an official form. The United States is a federal republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky.[7] For example, elections are a defining characteristic of a democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not "free and fair" and took place in a single party state. Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic.

Another complication is that a huge number of political systems originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by specific parties naming themselves after those movements. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.

  Maps

  States by their systems of government. For the complete list of systems by country, see List of countries by system of government.
  presidential republics, full presidential system
  presidential republics, parliament supervising an executive presidency
  presidential republics, semi-presidential system
  parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
  constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often alongside a weak parliament
  states whose constitutions grant only a single party the right to govern
  states where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
  Countries highlighted in blue are designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's 2010 survey "Freedom in the World".[8] Freedom House considers democracy in practice, not merely official claims.
  A world map distinguishing countries of the world as monarchies (red) from other forms of government (blue). Many monarchies are considered electoral democracies because the monarch is largely ritual; in other cases the monarch is the only powerful political authority.


  Forms of government

  • Adhocracy - government based on type of organization that operates in opposite fashion to a bureaucracy.
  • Authoritarian – Authoritarian governments are characterized by an emphasis on the authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom.
  • Anarchism - Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical voluntary associations among agents.
  • Band Society - government based on small (usually family) unit with a semi-informal hierarchy, with strongest (either physical strength or strength of character) as leader. Very much like a pack seen in other animals, such as wolves.
  • Chiefdom (Tribal) - government based on small complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief.
  • Constitutional monarchy – A government that has a monarch, but one whose powers are limited by law or by a formal constitution, such as the United Kingdom[9][10]
  • Constitutional republic – A government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace (Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised; The United States is a republic, but the large numbers of African Americans and women did not have the vote early on). Republics which exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens (by defining people without the vote as "non-citizens").
  • Democracy – Rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A Democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A "majority" may be defined in different ways. There are many "power-sharing" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or "electoral-college" or "constituency" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.
  • Dictatorship – Rule by an individual who has full power over the country. The term may refer to a system where the dictator came to power, and holds it, purely by force - but it also includes systems where the dictator first came to power legitimately but then was able to amend the constitution so as to, in effect, gather all power for themselves.[11] See also Autocracy and Stratocracy.
  • Emirate - similar to a monarchy or sultanate, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of an emir (the ruler of a Muslim state); the emir may be an absolute overlord or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.[12]
  • Geniocracy - government ruled by creativity, innovation, intelligence and wisdom.
  • Kratocracy - government ruled by those strong enough to seize power through physical force or political cunning.
  • Kritocracy - government ruled by judges.
  • Meritocracy - Rule by a group selected on the basis of their ability.
  • Monarchy – Rule by an individual who has inherited the role and expects to bequeath it to their heir.[13]
  • Nomocracy - Rule according to higher law. That is, a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government [1]. In a nomocracy, ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) exists in the law.
  • Oligarchy – Rule by a small group of people who share similar interests or family relations.[14]
  • Plutocracy – A government composed of the wealthy class. Any of the forms of government listed here can be plutocracy. For instance, if all of the voted representatives in a republic are wealthy, then it is a republic and a plutocracy.
  • Republic - is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.[15][16] In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.[17][18] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.[19]
  • Stratocracy - form of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally the same thing. (Not to be confused with "militarism" or "military dictatorship".)
  • Technocracy - government ruled by doctors, engineers, scientists, professionals and other technical experts.
  • Theocracy – Rule by a religious elite.[20]
  • Timocracy - government ruled by honorable citizens and property owners.
  • Totalitarian – Totalitarian governments regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life.

  Significant attributes

Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government.

  By approach to regional autonomy

This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the state.

  See also

  References

  1. ^ "government". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. November 2010. 
  2. ^ Bealey, Frank, ed. (1999). "government". The Blackwell dictionary of political science: a user's guide to its terms. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-631-20695-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EuKLlzYoTMC&pg=PA147. 
  3. ^ Flint, Colin & Taylor, Peter (2007). Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State, and Locality (5th ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-13-196012-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=GXz9xHdHeZcC. 
  4. ^ Barclay, Harold (1990). People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy. Left Bank Books. p. 31. ISBN 1-871082-16-1. 
  5. ^ Holsti, Kalevi Jaako (1996). The state, war, and the state of war. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-521-57790-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5S_jQSUghsYC&pg=PA84. 
  6. ^ Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology: An Introduction Third Edition. Praeger Publishers; 3rd edition (30 November 2003)
  7. ^ Kopstein and Lichbach (2005:4)
  8. ^ "Freedom in the World" (PDF). Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110208040624/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw10/FIW_2010_Tables_and_Graphs.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2011. 
  9. ^ Fotopoulos, Takis, The Multidimensional Crisis ad Inclusive Democracy. (Athens: Gordios, 2005).(English translation[dead link] of the book with the same title published in Greek).
  10. ^ "Victorian Electronic Democracy : Glossary". 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm. 
  11. ^ American 503
  12. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Field Listing :: Government type
  13. ^ American 1134
  14. ^ American 1225
  15. ^ Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.
  16. ^ "Republic". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
  17. ^ "republic", WordNet 3.0 (Dictionary.com), http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic, retrieved 20 March 2009 
  18. ^ "Republic". Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic. Retrieved 14 August 2010. 
  19. ^ Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.
  20. ^ American 1793

  Further reading

  • Kjaer, Anne Mette (2004). Governance. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-7456-2979-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=AY5SIsf1nI4C. 
  • Newton, Kenneth & Van Deth, Jan W. (2005). Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53620-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=jkPIY_lVKUIC. 
  • Sharma, Urmila & Sharma, S.K. (2000). "Forms of Government". Principles and Theory of Political Science. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7156-938-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=qdZ3VRRLDrgC&pg=PA406. 
  • Boix, Carles (2003). Democracy and Redistribution. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Bunce, Valerie. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics 55(2):167-192.
  • Colomer, Josep M. (2003). Political Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
  • Dahl, Robert Polyarchy Yale University Press (1971)
  • Heritage, Andrew, Editor-in-Chief. 2000. World Desk Reference
  • Lijphart, Arend (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press. 
  • Linz, Juan. 2000. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Linz, Juan, and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southernn Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Lichbach, Mark and Alan Zukerman, eds. 1997. Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Luebbert, Gregory M. 1987. “Social Foundations of Political Order in Interwar Europe,” World Politics 39, 4.
  • Moore, Barrington, Jr. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge: Beacon Press, ch. 7-9.
  • Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order/edited by Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1970. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: University of California.
  • O’Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Przeworski, Adam. 1992. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, Jose, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shugart, Mathhew and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, New York, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.
  • Taagepera, Rein and Matthew Shugart. 1989. Seats and votes: The effects and determinants of electoral systems, Yale Univ. Press.

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