Definición y significado de Northrop_Grumman

Northrop Grumman Corporation

Type	Public
Traded as	NYSE: NOC S&P 500 Component
Industry	Aerospace and Defense
Founded	1994
Headquarters	2980 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, Virginia, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Wesley G. Bush (Chairman & CEO)[1]
Products	Aircraft carriers Military aircraft Military vessels Missile defense systems Satellites Information Technology Advanced electronic sensors and systems
Revenue	US$ 15.073 billion (2011)[2]
Operating income	US$ 3.276 billion (2011)[2]
Profit	US$ 2.118 billion (2011)[2]
Total assets	US$ 25.411 billion (2011)[2]
Total equity	US$ 10.336 billion (2011)[2]
Employees	72.500 (2011)[2]
Website	NorthropGrumman.com

Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) is an American global aerospace and defense technology company formed by the 1994 purchase of Grumman by Northrop. The company was the fourth-largest defense contractor in the world as of 2010,^[3] and the largest builder of naval vessels. Northrop Grumman employs over 75,000 people worldwide.^[4] Its 2010 annual revenue is reported at US$34 billion.^[5] Northrop Grumman ranks #72 on the 2011 Fortune 500 list of America's largest corporations^[6] and ranks in the top ten military-friendly employers.^[7] It has its headquarters in Falls Church, Virginia.

Contents 1 Products and services 1.1 Naval 1.2 Aerospace 1.3 Radar and sensors 1.4 Affiliated companies and partners 1.5 Other services 2 History 3 Business sectors 3.1 Subsidiaries 4 Corporate governance 4.1 Corporate headquarters 5 Accolades and criticism 5.1 Environmental record 5.2 Political contributions and governmental ties 5.3 Scandals 5.4 International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) Violations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

  Products and services

  Naval

Newport News Shipbuilding manufactures all U.S. aircraft carriers, including supercarriers. It has built the Nimitz-class supercarriers and is building the new Gerald R. Ford-class supercarrier. It is also one of only two companies capable of producing U.S. nuclear submarines. A separate sector, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, produces amphibious assault ships and many other commercial and military craft, including icebreakers, tankers, and cargo ships. In a partnership with Science Applications International Corporation, Northrop Grumman provides naval engineering and architecture services as well as naval maintenance services.

In January 2008, Northrop Grumman combined its Newport News and Ship Systems sectors into a new business unit named Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding.^[8] And on March 31, 2011 this was spun off as Huntington Ingalls Industries Inc (NYSE: HII)^[9]

  Aerospace

Separate sectors, such as Aerospace Systems, produce aircraft for the US and other nations. The B-2 Spirit strategic bomber, the E-8C Joint STARS surveillance aircraft, the RQ-4 Global Hawk, and the T-38 Talon supersonic trainer, are used by the US Air Force. The US Army uses Northrop Grumman's RQ-5 Hunter unmanned air vehicle, which have been in operational use for more than 10 years. The US Navy uses Northrop Grumman-built aerial vehicles such as the BQM-74 Chukar, RQ-4 Global Hawk based BAMS UAS, C-2 Greyhound, E-2 Hawkeye, and the EA-6B Prowler. Northrop Grumman provides major components and assemblies for different aircraft such as F/A-18 Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the EA-18G Growler. Many aircraft, such as the F-5, T-38 Talon, and E-2 Hawkeye are used by other nations.^{[citation needed]}

The former Space Technology sector (now Aerospace Systems Sector) builds satellites and space payloads for the US government, including NASA, NOAA and the US Air Force.^{[citation needed]} The sector's Directed Energy unit builds chemical and solid-state lasers. Working with Boeing, the sector provides^[when?] the chemical laser for the Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser system.^{[citation needed]}

The former Mission Systems sector (now Information Systems Sector) is engaged in supporting the U.S. ballistic missile program; integrating various command, control and intelligence systems; and providing technical and management services to governmental and military customers.

Northrop Grumman intends to bid for the U.S. Air Force's next-generation strategic bomber project. Though it has not built a large manned aircraft since wrapping up B-2 Spirit production in the 1990s, The company has "been working hard to turn that perception around, with the skills and capabilities that back it up."^[10] It continues to build the RQ-4 Global Hawk, with many of the same long endurance and sensor technologies that are required for bombers.

Northrop Grumman partnered with EADS to offer the KC-30^[11] in the U.S. Air Force's KC-X tanker competition.^[12] The US Air Force chose the Northrop Grumman/EADS's KC-30 in February 2008,^[13] but the win was contested and the tanker program was halted by Defense Department in September 2008. Northrop Grumman announced in March 2010 it was withdrawing from the competition.^[14]

In November 2010, Northrop Grumman was selected by NASA for consideration for potential contract awards for heavy lift launch vehicle system concepts, and propulsion technologies.^[15]

  Radar and sensors

Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems creates military sensors and related products, including C4I radar systems for air defense, Airspace Management radar systems such as AMASS, and battlefield surveillance systems like the Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL). Tactical aircraft sensors produced by Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems include the AN/APG-68 radar and the AN/APG-80 advanced agile beam fire control radar for the F-16 Fighting Falcon, the AN/APG-77 Advanced Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar for the F-22 Raptor, and the AN/APG-81 AESA radar for the F-35 Lightning II, and the AN/AAQ-37 electro-optical Distributed Aperture System (DAS) for the F-35, and the highly reliable APQ-164 Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) radar for the B-1 Lancer. Electronic Systems also produces and maintains the AWACS aerial surveillance systems for the U.S., the United Kingdom, NATO, Japan, and other customers. Northrop Grumman is the prime contractor for the development and integration of the Air Force's $2-billion Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program. Many other smaller products are made by Northrop Grumman, such as night vision goggles and secure communications equipment.

  Affiliated companies and partners

Remotec, a subsidiary, is the foremost manufacturer of remote control vehicles for explosive ordnance disposal and hazardous material handling. A Norway and UK-based subsidiary, Park Air Systems, makes aerial navigation, air traffic control, and communications equipment for international customers. They also have worked closely with Antenna Associates, Inc., a leading manufacturer of Identification friend or foe (IFF)/Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) antennas located in Massachusetts.

In 2008, Northrop Grumman also began working with DHS Systems LLC, the manufacturer of the Deployable Rapid Assembly Shelter (DRASH) located in New York, as part of the U.S. Army's Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) program.^[16]

In August 2007, Northrop Grumman acquired Scaled Composites in which it had previously owned a 40% stake.

  Other services

In addition to providing the products created by Northrop Grumman, the company also provides many military and non-military services, usually to governments. It is among the largest suppliers of IT services to the U.S. federal government, for instance. And Vinnell, a Northrop Grumman subsidiary within the Technical Services sector, provides training and communications services for the military. For example Vinnell landed a $48 million contract to train the Iraqi Army in 2003.^[17]

Many other nations, and individual states in the U.S. have contracted Northrop Grumman for various large-scale projects. In 2005, for instance, the company won a $2 billion contract with Virginia to overhaul most of the state's IT operations.^[18] Later that year, Great Britain paid for a $1.2 billion contract with the company to provide maintenance of many aspects of the country's defensive radar.^[19]

Northrop Grumman also performs various foreign functions in the War on Drugs. The company sends planes to spray herbicides on suspected cocaine fields in Colombia and opium poppy fields in Afghanistan.^[20][21]

  History

Originally formed in California in 1939, Northrop Corporation was reincorporated in Delaware in 1985. In 1994, Northrop Aircraft merged with Grumman Aerospace to create the company Northrop Grumman. Both companies were previously established in the airplane manufacturing industry, and Grumman was famous for building the Apollo Lunar Module. The new company acquired Westinghouse Electronic Systems in 1996, a major manufacturer of radar systems. Logicon, a defense computer contractor, was added in 1997. Previously, Logicon had acquired Geodynamics Corporation in March 1996 and Syscon Corporation in February 1995.

A merger between Northrop Grumman and competitor Lockheed Martin was not approved by the U.S. government in 1998, slowing the consolidation of the defense industry. But in 1999, the company acquired Teledyne Ryan, which developed surveillance systems and unmanned aircraft. It also acquired California Microwave, Inc., and Data Procurement Corporation, in the same year. Other entities acquired included Xetron Corporation (1996), Inter-National Research Institute Inc. (1998), Federal Data Corporation (2000), Navia Aviation As (2000), Comptek Research, Inc. (2000), and Sterling Software, Inc. (2000).

In 1999, Northrop Grumman and SAIC created AMSEC LLC as a joint venture, which grew "from $100 million in revenue in 2000 to approximately $500 million in fiscal year 2007." ^[22]

In 2001 the company acquired Litton Industries, a shipbuilder and provider of defense electronics systems to the U.S. Navy. During the acquisition process, a new Delaware holding company, NNG, Inc., was formed. It merged with Northrop Grumman through a one-for-one common shares exchange in April 2001. Both Northrop Grumman and Litton became subsidiaries of the new holding company. The original Northrop Grumman Corporation then changed its name to Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation; the holding company, NNG, Inc., changed its name to Northrop Grumman Corporation.

Later that year, Newport News Shipbuilding was added to the company. And in 2002, Northrop Grumman acquired TRW, which became the Space Technology sector based in Redondo Beach, CA, and the Mission Systems sector based in Reston, VA, with sole interest in their space systems and laser systems manufacturing. The Aeronautical division was sold to Goodrich, and the automotive divisions were spun off and retained the TRW name.

There have been many other smaller acquisitions throughout this period.^[23] On July 20, 2007, Northrop Grumman became the sole owner of Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites.^[24]

Northrop Grumman and Boeing have also recently collaborated on a design concept for NASA's upcoming Orion spacecraft (previously the Crew Exploration Vehicle), but that contract went to rival Lockheed Martin on August 31, 2006. Northrop Grumman announced formation of a new business unit (sector), effective January 1, 2006 called Technical Services.

In 2007 Northrop Grumman created the National Workforce Centers. The National Workforce centers are an alternative to Offshoring.^[25] Current locations are Auburn, AL; Corsicana, TX; Fairmont, WV; Helena, MT; Johnstown, PA; and Lebanon, VA. The Rapid City, SD location will be closing in January, 2012.^[26]

Three employees of Northrop Grumman (Thomas Howes, Marc Gonsalves and Keith Stansell) were freed in July 2008 after five years of captivity in Colombia during Operation Jaque. Tom Janis, also a former Northrop employee, was killed by the FARC shortly after their plane crashed in the Colombian jungle in 2003.^[27]

  Business sectors

As of April 2011, Northrop Grumman is made up of four business sectors:^[28]

• Aerospace Systems
• Electronic Systems
• Information Systems
• Technical Services

  Subsidiaries

• Scaled Composites

  Corporate governance

Kent Kresa was the CEO of the company from 1990, before the merger with Grumman in 1994, and led the serial-acquisition strategy for the company for the next 13 years with a total of 15 additional acquisitions after Grumman that include Litton, Logicon, Westinghouse's defense electronics business, Ryan Aeronautical and Newport News Shipbuilding, and TRW. He was required to retire in 2003 at age 65. At this point, Ronald Sugar, formerly the chief operating officer, took over as CEO.^[29] Sugar also served^[when?] as the company chairman of the board.^{[citation needed]}

In January 2010. Wes Bush succeeded Sugar as CEO and also assumed the position of company president.^[30]

  Corporate headquarters

Northrop Grumman has its headquarters in West Falls Church (previously Jefferson), unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, in the Falls Church area.^[31][32][33]

Northrop Grumman was headquartered in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California.^[34][35] but on January 4, 2010 announced plans to move to the Washington Metropolitan Area by 2011.^[36]

In January 2010 Northrop Grumman announced that it will move its headquarters to the Washington, DC area so the company can be closer to government customers.^[37] Wesley Bush, the new CEO of Northrop Grumman, stated that the company needed to be located close to Capitol Hill lawmakers and officials from intelligence and military communities.^[38] Northrop Grumman considered sites in Washington, DC and in suburbs in Maryland and Virginia.^[37] During the time of the announcement the company had not yet selected a headquarters site; the company planned to be at the new headquarters by the northern hemisphere Summer of 2011. Charles Proctor of the Los Angeles Business Journal said "In a way, the announcement was not a surprise" due to the trend of aerospace companies moving to the DC area and the fact that the newly hired CEO is from West Virginia. Proctor added that CEOs often move corporate headquarters to places that they want the headquarters located. Larry Kosmont, a Los Angeles area economic development consultant, described the move announcement as a "structural failure at all levels for Los Angeles County."^[38]

V. Dion Haynes of the Washington Post said that District of Columbia economic development officials were "pitching the city's urban hipness and proximity to Capitol Hill power brokers" to Northrop Grumman. In addition Maryland promoted its highly educated workforce and its large number of federal facilities, while Virginia marketed itself as a state with relatively low taxes.^[39]

In July 2010 the company announced it would purchase an existing building in Fairfax County and that it would schedule to move into the new building in the summer of 2011. The company planned to consolidate its Century City headquarters and its existing Arlington County, Virginia offices into the new headquarters. In July 2010 it employed about 40,000 in the Washington DC metropolitan area, including DC and surrounding Maryland and Virginia.^[31]

  Accolades and criticism

Northrop Grumman was named Forbes's Company of the Year in 2002.^[29] Forbes's announcement credited the company with "master[ing] the art of innovation."^[40] Northrop Grumman no longer appears on their list of America's 400 Best Big Companies, however.^[41] Northrop Grumman is credited with sponsoring educational programs^[42] and donating thousands of dollars to various charities.^[43][44]

Many members of the U.S. government have attended company events and spoken highly of the company and its contributions.^[45] In December 2007, Northrop Grumman Corporation was awarded the prestigious Ron Brown Award for Corporate Leadership, the only Presidential award recognizing companies for outstanding achievement in employee and community relations.^[46]

  Environmental record

Based on 2008 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Northrop Grumman as the 62nd-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States. According to their study, Northrop Grumman facilities released more than 23,798 pounds of toxic chemicals into the air in that year.^[47] The corporation has also been linked to 52 superfund toxic waste sites.^[48]

In 2003, the company was among 84 parties with which the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the state of New York reached an estimated US$ 15 million settlement for the rehabilitation of the Mattiace Petrochemical Company Superfund site in Glen Cove, Long Island.^[49] In the same year, Northrop Grumman agreed to pay $33,214 after EPA inspectors found hazardous waste violations at the Capistrano test site.^[50]

As a response to many of the previous claims, the company has stood up as an organization for social responsibility. Among the recent projects is the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Project. To reduce the carbon footprint created by Northrop Grumman operations, and in anticipation of upcoming new regulations, the EHS Leadership Council championed an initiative in 2008 to develop a way to accurately quantify company-wide greenhouse gas emissions, and address the issue responsibly.

In 2008, Northrop Grumman launched its Environmental Sustainability program, which aims to advance Northrop Grumman’s commitment to environmental performance both internally and externally.^[51]

The company was named one of Computerworld's Top 12 Green-IT Organizations in October 2010 for its large-scale data center migration effort.^[52]

  Political contributions and governmental ties

From 1990-2002, Northrop Grumman contributed $8.5 million to federal campaigns.^[53] According to PAC summary data compiled by Source Watch, the company gave US$1,011,260 to federal candidates in 2005-2006 election cycle, compared to $10,612,837 given by all defense contractors in the same cycle.^[54] This donation amount was only behind that of General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin in the defense industry. The majority of the contributions, 63%, went to Republicans.^[55] Former Northrop Grumman Electronics Systems chief James G. Roche served for two years as Secretary of the Air Force for George W. Bush. As reported by the Los Angeles Times, Roche would eventually be nominated to head the Army, but would be forced to withdraw his nomination among accusations of mismanaging a contract with Boeing and of failing to properly handle the Air Force sexual assault scandals of 2003.^[56] According to CorpWatch, "at least seven former officials, consultants, or shareholders of Northrop Grumman" have held posts "in the Bush administration...including Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, Vice-Presidential Chief of Staff I. Lewis Libby, Pentagon Comptroller Dov Zakheim, and Sean O’Keefe, director of NASA." Wolfowitz and Libby have both since left the government amid scandals.

  Scandals

Northrop Grumman has had to deal with multiple scandals during its history. The company was sued in 1999 for allegedly knowingly giving the Navy defective aircraft. This suit seeks $210 million in damages and is ongoing.^[57] Then in 2003, the company was sued for allegedly overcharging the U.S. government for space projects in the 1990s.^[58] Northrop Grumman paid $111.2 million to settle that suit out of court.^[59]

Wikinews has related news: University study finds U.S. defense contract information in 'electronic waste' in Africa

In 1995, Robert Ferro, an employee for TRW, a company acquired by Northrop Grumman, discovered that satellite components manufactured for the United States Air Force (USAF) were faulty and likely to fail in operation. TRW allegedly suppressed Ferro's report of the problem and hid the information from the USAF, even after a satellite in space equipped with the faulty components experienced serious anomalies. Ferro later sued Northrop Grumman in federal court under the federal whistle-blower law. On April 2, 2009 Northrop Grumman agreed to pay $325 million to settle the suit.^[60] Ferro was awarded $48.8 million of the settlement. Northrop Grumman stated about the settlement that, "it believed that TRW had 'acted properly under its contracts' and that the company had substantive defenses against the claims."^[61]

From August 25 through September 2, 2010, Virginia's computer operations experienced a week-long computer outage. Northrop Grumman operated these systems under a $2.4 billion contract. As a result, as many as 45,000 citizens could not renew their drivers licenses prior to their expiration. Computer systems for 26 of the state's 89 agencies were affected and Governor Bob McDonnell announced that some data may be permanently lost.^[62][63] Northrop Grumman has apologized for the outage and will fund an investigation.^[64] Northrop Grumman had contributed approximately $75,000 to McDonnell's campaign.^[65]

  International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) Violations

U.S. State Department investigators found that Litton Industries, a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman, provided portions of the computer source code of Air Force One to a company in Russia in 1998. Northrop Grumman agreed to pay a $15 million fine for 110 violations, occurring between September 1998 and November 1998, of the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). The ITAR violations centered around guidance and navigation system interface information unique to Air Force One.^[66]

Additionally, documents filed by the State Department state that between 1994 and 2003, Northrop Grumman failed to notify the U.S. State Department about the computer guidance systems also being transferred to Angola, Indonesia, Israel, China, Ukraine and Yemen.^[67]

  See also

• IMETS
• Top 100 US Federal Contractors - $19.7 billion in FY2009

  References

  External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Northrop Grumman

• Northrop Grumman web site
• Northrop Grumman jobs
• Northrop Grumman product list
• Interview with Northrop Grumman CEO, Feb. 12, 2006.
• "Patents owned by Northrop Grumman". US Patent & Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=an%2F%22Northrop+Grumman%22&d=ptxt. Retrieved December 6, 2005. 
• Park Air Systems (UK based subsidiary)

Grumman and Northrop Grumman aircraft Manufacturer designations G-1 (floats only) G-2 (floats only) G-3 G-4 G-5 G-6 G-7 G-8 G-9 G-10 G-11 G-12 G-13 G-14 G-15 G-16 G-17 G-18 G-19 G-20 G-21 G-22 G-23 G-24 G-25 G-26 G-27 G-29 G-30 G-31 G-32 G-33 G-34 G-35 G-36 G-37 G-38 G-39 G-40 G-41 G-42 G-43 G-44 G-45 G-46 G-47 G-48 G-49 G-50 G-51 G-52 G-53 G-54 G-55 G-56 G-57 G-58 G-59 G-60 G-61 G-62 G-63 G-64 G-65 G-66 G-67 G-68 G-69 G-70 G-71 G-72 G-73 G-74 G-75 G-76 G-77 G-78 G-79 G-80 G-81 G-82 G-83 G-84 G-85 G-86 G-87 G-88 G-89 G-90 G-91 G-92 G-93 G-94 G-96 G-97 G-98 G-98J G-99 G-100 G-101 G-102 G-103 G-104 G-105 G-106 G-107 G-108 G-109 G-110 G-111 G-112 G-113 G-114 G-115 G-116 G-117 G-118 G-119 G-120 G-121 G-122 G-123 G-124 G-125 G-126 G-127 G-128 G-134 G-159 G-164 G-191 G-231 G-234 G-251 G-262 G-303 G-426 G-712 G-1128 G-1159 By role Piston fighters FF F2F F3F F4F XF5F XP-50 F6F XP-65 F7F F8F Jet fighters F9F F9F/F-9 XF10F F11F/F-11/F11F-1F G-118 F-111B F-14 Attack/Patrol SF TBF XTSF TB2F AF S-2 A-6 Recon/Scouts SF XSBF E-1 OV-1 EA-6 E-2 Utility/Transports UC-103 JF J2F OA-12 JRF J3F OA-9 OA-13 OA-14/J4F U-16/JR2F/UF C-1 C-2 Civil aircraft Mallard Ag Cat Kitten Tadpole Gulfstream I Gulfstream II Others Apollo Lunar Module EF-111 X-29 Q-8 X-47A X-47B By name Ag Cat Albatross Avenger Bearcat Cougar Duck Fifi Goose Greyhound Guardian Gulfhawk III Gulfstream I Gulfstream II Hawkeye Hellcat Intruder Jaguar Kitten Mallard Mohawk Panther Pegasus Prowler Skyrocket Super Tiger Tadpole Tiger Tigercat Tomcat Tracer Tracker Trader Wildcat Widgeon

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