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convertible (adj.)
1.capable of being changed in substance as if by alchemy"is lead really transmutable into gold?" "ideas translatable into reality"
2.capable of being exchanged for or replaced by something of equal value"convertible securities"
3.designed to be changed from one use or form to another"a convertible sofa" "a convertible coupe"
convertible (n.)
1.a car that has top that can be folded or removed
2.a sofa that can be converted into a bed
3.a corporate security (usually bonds or preferred stock) that can be exchanged for another form of security (usually common stock)
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Merriam Webster
ConvertibleCon*vert"i*ble (?), a. [L. convertibilis: cf. F. convertible.]
1. Capable of being converted; susceptible of change; transmutable; transformable.
Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus. Harvey.
2. Capable of being exchanged or interchanged; reciprocal; interchangeable.
So long as we are in the regions of nature, miraculous and improbable, miraculous and incredible, may be allowed to remain convertible terms. Trench.
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⇨ definición de convertible (Wikipedia)
convertible (adj.)
alterable, automobile, changeable, exchangeable, interchangeable, transformable, translatable, transmutable
convertible (n.)
Ver también
convertible (adj.)
↘ commutability, convertibility, transmutability ↗ change, change into, convert, exchange, give change, swap, switch, swop, trade, trade in, transmute, turn into ≠ inconvertible, unconvertible, unexchangeable
⇨ convertible bond • convertible into cash • convertible loan • convertible mark • convertible security
⇨ 1962 Oldsmobile F-85 Cutlass convertible • 240sx convertible • Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. • Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark • Coach convertible • Convertible Hedge Associates • Convertible Music • Convertible arbitrage • Convertible bond • Convertible bonds • Convertible car • Convertible currency • Convertible debenture • Convertible debt • Convertible security • Convertible tank • Convertible term assurance • Cuban convertible peso • Danelectro Convertible • Dura Convertible Systems • IBM PC Convertible • NASCAR Convertible Division • Non-convertible debenture • Reverse convertible securities • Saab 9-3 Convertible • Toyota Corona 1500S Convertible • Toyota Crown Convertible
convertible (adj.)
qui est susceptible de changement (fr)[Classe...]
qui peut être transformé (fr)[Classe...]
transmute[QuiPeutEtre]
commutable[Similaire]
convertible (adj.)
convertible (adj.)
adaptable[Similaire]
convertible (n.)
convertible (n.)
couch, lounge, sofa[Hyper.]
convertible (n.)
certificate, security[Hyper.]
Wikipedia
A convertible is a type of automobile of various automobile body styles that can 'convert' from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle.
Roof designs vary widely, with several common characteristics. Earlier convertibles features roofs that were demountable and/or detachable. Often the roof is hinged and folds away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle. The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators, and the roof itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material. Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material, while hard-tops are made of steel, aluminum, plastic or other rigid materials.
Contemporary convertibles are known and marketed under several different terms due to the convergence of body styles over the years. A soft-top convertible may also be referred to as a cabriolet or cabrio, although two-seater soft tops often retain the name roadster, referring to their body style. Hard-tops are marketed under the terms coupé cabriolet, coupé convertible or simply retractable hardtop, while two-seaters more commonly use coupé roadster/roadster coupé.
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Roof designs vary widely, but a few characteristics are common to all convertibles. Roofs are affixed to the body of the vehicle and are usually not detachable. Instead the roof is hinged and folds away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle. The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators; the roof itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material. Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material; hard-top convertibles have roofs made from steel, aluminium, carbon fibre or plastic materials.
Contemporary convertibles are known and marketed under several different terms due to the convergence of body styles over the years. A convertible may be described as a drop-head coupé, a cabriolet or cabrio, an open 2-seater without wind-up windows as a spyder, or spider or roadster. Retractable rigid roof (or hard-top) cars are marketed as simply retractable hardtop and French versions as coupé cabriolet or coupé convertible.
The collapsible textile roof section (of cloth or vinyl) over an articulated folding frame may include linings such as a sound-deadening layer or interior cosmetic headliner (to hide the frame) – or both – and may have electrical or electro-hydraulic mechanisms for raising the roof. The erected top secures to the windshield frame header with manual latches, semi-manual latches, or fully automatic latches. The folded convertible top is called the stack.
Convertibles offer the flexibility of an open top in trade for:
To neutralize the loss of torsional rigidity inherent in any convertible, VW engineers cleverly took the basket-handle roll bar of the VW Cabrio, inverted it and placed it under the rear seat pedestal. A beefed-up windshield frame of hot-stamped ultra-high-strength steel is connected directly to the floorpan’s reinforced frame rails. Steel tubing provides more stiffness behind the doors for an extra layer of safety. Partly as a consequence, rear seat passengers have about 10 inches less shoulder room than in the smaller Rabbit.— Jerry Garrett , New York Times
Folding textile convertible tops often do not hide completely the mechanism of the folded top or can expose the vulnerable underside of the folded top to sun exposure and fading – in which case tonneau covers of various designs snap or secure into place to protect the folded roof and hide the mechanicals. Detachable foldable, rigid or semi-rigid covers require space-consuming storage inside the vehicle – and sometimes complicated installation from outside the stationary vehicle. Foldable vinyl and cloth covers can be prone to shrinkage, further complicating installation.
Convertibles such as both the first and eleventh generation of the Ford Thunderbird and the second and third generations of the Mercedes SL featured as standard or optional equipment fully rigid, manually installable hardtops – later examples including heatable rear windows. These hardtops provided acoustic insulation but also required space-consuming off-season storage – and a cumbersome two-person installation. The optional aluminum (i.e., lightweight) detachable hardtop for a Porsche Boxster weighed 51 lb (23 kg).[4] Two current-day examples of vehicles with a detachable hardtop available are the Jeep Wrangler, and the Mazda MX-5.
Side windows non-existent in open cars which may have detachable side screens, are manually or power operated glass side windows as in a saloon or sedan. Rear-windows have evolved similarly, with plastic rear-windows appearing as late as the first generation Porsche Boxster. Contemporary convertibles and retractable hardtops feature heatable glass rear windows to maximize visibility – though rear windows often can compromise visibility by their size, as with the case of the very small rear window and restricted visibility of the Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder. Plastic windows can degrade, fade, yellow and crack over time, diminishing visibility.
Windblockers or wind deflectors minimize noise and rushing air reaching the occupants – specifically cold air (and the noise that comes with it) rushing from behind the passengers having been forced over the windshield then returning to the natural lower-pressure zone where the passengers sit.
Mazda pioneered the windblocker with its Mazda RX7 convertible featuring an integral rigid opaque panel that folded up from behind the two seats. Current convertibles feature windblockers of various designs including detachable fold-up designs (e.g.,Toyota Solara), vertically retractable glass (e.g.,Audi TT), carefully designed minimal flaps (e.g.,Mazda Miata) – or other integrated wind controlling systems.
Mercedes and Audi currently offer a feature that routes a heating duct to the neck area of the seat on SLK, SL and A5/S5 models, marketed as the "Air Scarf".
According to the chief engineer for the 2008 Chrysler Sebring, Jim Issner, the windblocker for the Sebring reduces "wind noise by approximately 11 to 12 decibels".[5]
Contemporary convertible design may include such features as electrically heated glass rear window (for improved visibility), seat belt pre-tensioners, boron steel reinforced A-pillars, front and side airbags, safety cage construction – a horseshoe like structure around the passenger compartment – and roll over protection structures or (ROPS) with pyrotechnically charged roll hoops hidden behind the rear seats that deploy under roll-over conditions whether the roof is retracted or not.
Notably, the Volvo C70 retractable hardtop includes a door-mounted side impact protection inflatable curtain which inflates upward from the interior belt-line – vs. downward like the typical curtain airbag.[6] The curtain has an extra stiff construction with double rows of slats that are slightly offset from each other. This allows them to remain upright and offer effective head protection even an open window. The curtain also deflates slowly to provide protection should the car roll over.
Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple but attention-demanding fabric tops to highly complex modern retractable hardtops:
Roadster: A roadster was an open two-seater possibly with a frame that required actual assembly (i.e., not retracting) and separately installable soft side "window" panels – offering little protection from inclement weather and often requiring time-consuming apparently complicated installation. Examples range from the very first cars to the vintage Porsche Speedster introduced in 1955, and the classic Jaguar XK120 Roadster unveiled in 1948 right up to the most recent Porsche Spyders. For most in the U.S. a contemporary roadster is now just a two-seater convertible like the Audi TT, the modern classic BMW Z8, and Pontiac Solstice.
Landau & Rigid Door: Citroën's 1948 Citroën 2CV featured a sunroof that rolled back on itself, and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate boot/trunk lid. This was for loading versatility that pre-dated hatchbacks. Later models had a boot/trunk lid or an optional hatchback, and an internally opening sunroof, with a secured 'half-open' position. It had rigid body sides framing two doors on each side – followed in concept by such cars as the 1950 Nash Rambler Convertible Coupe.
Citroën currently markets the C3 Pluriel (Pluriel is a cognate with the English plural), which can be configured into five iterations, hence the name:[7]
The Four-Door: A four-door convertible is a phaeton in the U.S., elsewhere any convertible may be a cabriolet. The Lincoln Continental was available as a 4-door convertible in model years 1961 to 1967.[9] A current example of a 4-door convertible is the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited.
Peugeot presented the a concept four-door retractable hardtop convertible, the Peugeot 407 Macarena in 2006.[10] Produced by French coachbuilding specialist Heuliez, the Macarena's top can be folded in 60 seconds,[10] with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember.[10]
Drophead Coupe, Coupé Cabriolet or Coupé Cabrio: A type of convertible with only two doors,[11] and thereby recalling the cabriolet carriage. With its Mazda RX7 convertible, Mazda introduced a two-seater convertible with a removable rigid section over the passengers, removable independently of power operated textile section behind with heatable glass rear window. During the 1980s, Jaguar produced an XJ-SC with two removable panels over the front seats and a partial fold-down convertible section in the back. It retained the rear side windows of the coupe and had fixed cant rails above these and the door glass. This allowed an almost full convertible with roll-over safety. Going back in Jaguar history, during the 1950s the XK 120 Drophead Coupe (DHC) and later variants, provided open-air motoring with quite civilized fully lined insulated tops with the weather-protection of the hardtop models.
Until the 1910 introduction by Cadillac of the United States' first closed-body car, the convertible was the primary body style. US automakers manufactured a broad range of models during the 1950s and 1960s – from economical compact-sized models such as the Rambler American and the Studebaker Lark to the more expensive models such as the Packard Caribbean, Oldsmobile 98, and Imperial by Chrysler.
Threatened rollover safety regulations in the mid-1970s led to diminished popularity by the 1970s. In 1976 Cadillac marketed the Eldorado as "The last convertible in America". During this period of very low convertible production, T-tops became a popular alternative.
Elsewhere globally, convertible production continued throughout this era with models such as the Mercedes SL, the VW Beetle Cabriolet, the VW Golf Cabriolet, and the Jaguar E-type.
In the 1980s convertibles such as the Chrysler LeBaron and Saab 900 revived the body style in the United States – followed by models such as the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster, Audi TT and later retractable hardtop models.
A retractable hardtop, also known as coupé convertible or coupé cabriolet, is a type of convertible that forgoes a folding textile roof in favor of an automatically operated, multi-part, self-storing hardtop where the rigid roof sections are opaque, translucent or independently operable.
The first retractable hardtop was from France when in 1934 Peugeot introduced the 601 Éclipse, designed by Georges Paulin.[12][13]
The retractable hardtop solves some issues with the soft-top convertible, but has its own compromises, namely mechanical complexity, expense and more often than not, reduced luggage capacity.
A 2006 New York Times article suggested the retractable hardtop may herald the demise of the textile-roofed convertible,[14] and a 2007 Wall Street Journal article suggested "more and more convertibles are eschewing soft cloth tops in favor of sophisticated folding metal roofs, making them practical in all climates, year-round."[15]
Retractable hardtops can vary in material (steel, plastic or aluminum), can vary from two to five in the number of rigid sections and often rely on complex dual-hinged trunk (British: boot) lids that enable the trunk lid to both receive the retracting top from the front and also receive parcels or luggage from the rear – along with complex trunk divider mechanisms to prevent loading of luggage that would conflict with the operation of the hardtop.
The retractable hardtop convertible trades higher initial cost, mechanical complexity and, with rare exception, diminished trunk space – for increased acoustic insulation, durability and break-in protection similar to that of a fixed roof coupe.
Pro: The retractable hardtop's advantages are:
Con: In addition to higher initial cost, increased mechanical complexity – and thereby potentially higher repair cost, hardtops have the general disadvatages of:
1922 Ben P. Ellerbeck conceived the first practical retractable hardtop system in 1922 – a manually operated system on a Hudson coupe that allowed unimpeded use of the rumble seat even with the top down[30] – but never saw production.[31]
1935 Peugeot introduced the first production, power-operated retractable hardtop in 1935, the 402 Éclipse Décapotable,[14] designed and patented by Georges Paulin.[14] The French coachbuilder, Marcel Pourtout, custom-built other examples of Paulins designs on a larger Peugeot chassis as well.[14] The first Eclipse 402s offered a power-retractable top, but in 1936 was replaced by a manually operated version on a stretched chassis, built in limited numbers until World War II.[30]
1941 Chrysler presents the retractable hardtop concept car, the Chrysler Thunderbolt.[30]
1953 Ford Motor Company spent an estimated US$2 million (US$17,373,134 in 2012 dollars[32]) to engineer a Continental Mark II with a servo-operated retractable roof. The project was headed by Ben Smith, a 30-year-old draftsman.[33] The concept was rejected for cost and marketing reasons.[30]
1955 Brothers Ed and Jim Gaylord showed their first prototype at the 1955 Paris motor show,[34] but the car failed to reach production.
1957 Ford introduced the Skyliner in the United States. A total of 48,394 were built from 1957 to 1959.[30] The retractable top was noted for its complexity and usually decent reliability[35][36] in the pre-transistor era. Its mechanism contained 10 power relays, 10 limit switches, four lock motors, three drive motors, eight circuit breakers, as well as 610 feet (190 m) of electrical wire,[30] and could raise or lower the top in about 40 seconds. The Skyliner was a halo car with little luggage space (i.e., practicality), and cost twice that of a baseline Ford sedan.
1989 Toyota introduced a modern retractable hardtop, the MZ20 Soarer Aerocabin. The car featured an electric folding hardtop and was marketed as a 2-seater with a cargo area behind the front seats. Production was 500 units.
1995 The Mitsubishi 3000GT Spyder convertible by ASC was marketed in the U.S.[31] The design was further popularized by such cars as the 1996 Mercedes-Benz SLK.[14] and 2001 Peugeot 206 CC.
2006 Peugeot presented a concept four-door retractable hardtop convertible, the Peugeot 407 Macarena.[10] Produced by French coachbuilding specialist Heuliez, the Macarena's top can be folded in about 30 seconds.[10] It has a reinforcing beam behind the front seats which incorporates LCD screens into the crossmember for the rear passengers.[10]
Ferrari 458 spyder(2012)
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Ford Model T c. 1925, with minimal weather protection
Bentley 4½ Litre 1929 with luxury snap-on and thumbscrew sidescreens
Ford Phaeton 1934 open 4-door touring car
Nash Rambler Convertible "Landau" Coupe c. 1950, with retracting roof and rigid doors, featured car of Lois Lane of 1950s television series Adventures of Superman[38][39]
Jaguar XK c. 2008, with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top with integral top-concealing rigid tonneau
Mercedes SL c. 1963, with detachable hardtop, requiring twice-annual manual removal and installation – and space-consuming off-season storage of the hardtop
Lincoln Continental c. 1966, 4-door with integral automatically operating, self-storing tonneau
Jaguar E-type c. 1970, with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap-secured
Cadillac Eldorado 1972, with detachable, two-part, fully rigid "parade boot" tonneau cover
Citroen 2CV c. 1975, with roll-back roof and rigid doors
Rolls Royce Corniche c. 1986, a high-end prestige marque with a manually installed tonneau cover
Chrysler LeBaron c. 1989, with manually installed "metallic" vinyl tonneau cover, color-matching to the car body, secured with a 'sleeve and groove' system
Saab 900 c. 1990, with manually installed semi-rigid tonneau
Cadillac Allanté c. 1993, with detachable, rigid plastic tonneau cover. Built in Italy by Pininfarina, completed bodies were flown to the U.S. 56 at a time in specially equipped Boeing 747 with final assembly at Hamtramck, Michigan.[40]
Porsche Boxster c. 2004, with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top, automatically raisable in 12 seconds[4] and optional 51 lb (23 kg) detachable aluminum hardtop (not shown)
Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder c. 2004, with heatable glass rear window and restricted visibility
MINI Cooper, c. 2006, with large blindspots from the top itself, small rear window, and interior rear roll hoops severely obscuring the driver's rear view
Citroën C3 Pluriel c. 2007, a multi-configurable convertible with roll-back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars[7]
Volkswagen New Beetle c. 2008, with raised textile (cloth) convertible top featuring interior headliner, an acoustic insulation layer, and heatable glass rear window
the Georges Paulin patented automatic folding roof in action on a 1934 Peugeot 601
Background
the Georges Paulin patented automatic folding roof in action on a 1936 Peugeot 402.
Ford Skyliner c. 1958 retracting its roof
Mazda Miata Power Retractable Hard Top (PRHT) c. 2007, the hardtop constructed of polycarbonate,[17] shown raised, adding 77 lb (35 kg)[17] and providing identical cargo capacity to the soft top version.
Cadillac XLR c. 2007, with fully retracted aluminum (i.e., lightweight) hardtop concealed by self-storing tonneau cover, the hardtop manufactured by a supplier joint venture of Mercedes-Benz and Porsche.[16]
Daihatsu Copen c. 2001 with retracted hardtop, qualifying for the ultra-compact Japanese Kei class.
Ford Focus CC c. 2006 with its roof retracted, its final assembly performed by Pininfarina
Chevrolet SSR c. 2004, a retractable hardtop convertible pickup truck, its top engineered by ASC.
Volkswagen Eos c. 2007, the five-segment top features an independently sliding sunroof, the roof designed and built by OASys, a subsidiary of Webasto Germany.
Volvo C70 c. 2007, retractable hardtop in action, the first production 3-segment retractable,[31]
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