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lexicon (n.)
1.a language user's knowledge of words
2.a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them
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Merriam Webster
LexiconLex"i*con (lĕks"ĭ*kŏn), n. [Gr. lexiko`n (sc. bibli`on), neut. of lexiko`s of or belonging to words, fr. le`xis a speaking, speech, a way of speaking, a single word or phrase, fr. le`gein to say, to speak. See Legend.] A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them, with the definition of each; a dictionary; especially, a dictionary of the Greek, Hebrew, or Latin language.
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⇨ definición de lexicon (Wikipedia)
lexicon (n.)
dictionary, glossary, mental lexicon, vocabulary, wordlist, word list
Ver también
lexicon (n.)
↘ lexical
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lexicon (n.)
ensemble de mots (fr)[Classe]
dictionnaire (fr)[DomainDescrip.]
lexicon (n.)
dictionary; lexicon[ClasseHyper.]
livre éducatif (fr)[Classe]
(multilingual), (language; speech; colloquial language)[termes liés]
lexicon (n.)
Wikipedia
In linguistics, the description of a language is split into two parts, the grammar consisting of rules describing correct sentence formation and the lexicon listing words and phrases that can be used in the sentences. The lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary. Statistically, most lexemes contain a single morpheme. Lexemes composed of multiple morpheme also known as compound words such as idiomatic expressions and colocations are also considered part of the lexicon. In practical applications, such as language learning the lexicon is represented by a dictionary, which lists words alphabetically and provides definition.
More formally, a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. Coined in English 1603, the word "lexicon" derives from the Greek λεξικόν (lexicon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos), "of or for words",[1] from λέξις (lexis), "speech", "word",[2] and that from λέγω (lego), "to say", "to speak".[3]
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Items in the lexicon are called lexemes or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both phonological and morphological components. When describing the lexicon a reductionist approach is used, trying to remain general while using a minimal description. To describe the size of a lexicon, lexemes are grouped into lemmas. A lemma is a group of lexemes generated by inflectional morphology. Lemmas are represented in dictionaries by headwords which list the citation forms and any irregular forms, since these must be learned to use the words correctly. Lexemes derived from a word by derivation morphology are considered new lemmas. The lexicon is also organized according to open and closed categories. Closed categories, such as determiners or pronouns, rarely get new lexemes and their function is primarily syntactic. Open categories such as nouns and verbs have highly active generation mechanisms and their lexemes are more semantic in nature.
A central role of the Lexicon is the documenting of established lexical norms and conventions. Lexicalization is the process where new words, having gained into widespread usage, enter in the lexicon. Since lexicalization[4] may modify lexeme phonologically and morphologically it is possible, that a single etymological source may be borrowed in two or more forms into a single lexicon. These pairs are called doublet are often close semantically. Two examples are aptitude versus attitude, and employ versus imply.[5]
The mechanisms (not mutually exclusive) are[6] -
Besides word-formation there are also mechanism of change in an exiting lexeme.
Neologism are new lexeme candidates which if they gain wide usage overtime become part of a language's lexicon. Neologism are often introduced by children in a type of kid slip[8]. Neologism are also introduced by adults in marketing activities such as advertising and branding, and in slang.
Most innovations to a lexicon are either loan words introduced by bilingual speakers during language contact or compound words created from existing morphemes. Once a neologism or a compound is introduced in one languages if successful it will often diffuse across geographical boundaries.
Another mechanism involves generative devices which combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the suffix "-able" can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get "read-able" but not "cry-able".
A compound word is a lexeme composed of several pre-existing morphemes. Because a compound word is composed of established lexeme they are usually easier to acquire than loan words or neologisms. Their meaning is usually just a sum of their constituent parts.
Compound that are not the semantical sum of their of its constituents can be interpreted through analogy, common sense and context[4] Compound words have simple morphological structures, one or no elements requiring inflection for agreement. On the other hand they are subject to the rules of syntax and can contain gaps to hold other lexems on which they operate.
Once new compounds are successfully established in one language they will often diffuse across geographical boundaries. Examples
Compounding tends to produces longer lexemes which may result in lexeme of unwieldy proportion. To compensate for this there are also mechanism which reduce the length of a words
Comparative historical linguistics studies the evolutions languages and takes a diachronic view of the lexicon. The evolution of lexicons in different languages occurs through parallel mechanisms. Over time historical forces work to [9] shape the lexicon, making it simpler to acquire and often creating an illusion of great regularity in language.
The term lexicon is generally used in the context of single language. Therefore, multi-lingual speakers are generally thought to have multiple lexicons. Speakers of language variants (Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, for example) may be considered to possess a single lexicon. Thus a cash dispenser (British English) as well as and automatic teller machine or ATM in (American English) while belonging to speakers of different dialect would be understood by both American and British dialect speakers.
When linguists study the lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word; the word-concept relationship; lexical access and lexical access failure; how a word's phonology, syntax, and meaning intersect; the morphology-word relationship; vocabulary structure within a given language; language use (that is, pragmatics); language acquisition; the history and evolution of words (i.e. etymology); and the relationships between words, often studied within philosophy of language.
In psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and computational linguistics, researchers have proposed various models of how the lexicon is organized and how words are retrieved.
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